最高人民法院《关于人民法院查封、扣押、冻结财产若干问题的规定（征求意见稿）》之我见
杨小河
对最高人民法院《关于人民法院查封、扣押、冻结财产若干问题的规定（征求意见稿）》，笔者意见如下：
一、
关于查封的意见
第二条（查封、扣押、冻结时责任财产的确定）
对于第三人占有的动产或者登记为第三人所有的不动产、特定动产和其他财产，第三人与被执行人均认为该财产属于被执行人的，可以查封、扣押、冻结。
笔者认为：
这一条规定会给被执行人有空子可钻。
在司法实践中，我们曾经遇见这样的事情。一个男子欠下债务，男子以其家人的名义购买套房，以其家人名义办理房产证。套房是办理银行抵押分期付款的，我们查到的资料显示，分期房款是从男子银行帐号支付，在购买前期，一切手续也是以男子名义办理。
一般情况之下，不动产，房产证登记的产权人名字就是真正的权属人，但是，从上述案例中，我们又很清楚地看到，其实，该房子是男子的，男子为了逃避债务，逃避法院的强制执行，而将房子产权登记为他人的名字。房产证登记的产权人名字与真正的产权人名字不相同。
现实中，第三人，被执行人，是根本不可能承认该财产是属于被执行人所有的。如果承认，就证明他们做假，逃避债务了。恰恰相反，他们会一致想方设法，让法院相信该财产不属于被执行人所有。
如果法律规定，第三人与被执行人均认为该财产属于被执行人的，才可以查封、扣押、冻结，那么，是在给被执行人制造可钻的空子。
因此，第二条第三款的规定，是会给被执行人有空子可钻的，笔者认为应修改为：“对于第三人占有的动产或者登记为第三人所有的不动产、特定动产和其他财产，第三人与被执行人均认为该财产属于被执行人的，可以查封、扣押、冻结；第三人与被执行人均认为该财产不属于被执行人的，但是，有证据证明该财产确属于被执行人所有的，可以查封、扣押、冻结”。
二、
第五条（禁止查封的财产）
被执行人的下列财产不得查封、扣押、冻结：
（一）被执行人及其所扶养家属生活所必需的居住房屋及衣服、家具、炊具、餐具及其他家庭生活必需的物品；
笔者认为这一条是不恰当的。
对于被执行人及其所扶养的家属生活所必需的居住房屋不能够查封，是对申请执行人不公平的。
其实，法院查封房屋，一般是活封，只是限制进行法律上的权利，如买卖、赠予、过户等。极少有死封的。死封，也就是在房屋门上贴上封条，不准房屋所有人使用、居住。
由此可看出，法院查封房屋，在一般情况下，并不会给被执行人生活造成很大的不便。
只要是活封，笔者认为，无论被执行人是何人，处于何种生活水平之中，其所居住的房屋都不存在着不可以查封的情形。
而且，查封房屋，将查封裁定书送达被执行人，可以督促被执行人尽快履行债务。在司法实践中，当法院查封房屋后（活封），不但会引起被执行人对归还债务的重视，还会引起其亲戚朋友对其归还债务的重视。曾经出现过这样的情况，被执行人的亲戚朋友凑款帮被执行人清偿债务，被执行人日后再还款给他的亲戚朋友。这在法律上是允许的。也有利于债务的积极解决。
因此，笔者建议删除去不准查封房屋的规定。
三、
第五条（禁止查封的财产）
被执行人的下列财产不得查封、扣押、冻结：
（十二）公益法人正在使用的为完成公益事业所必需的房屋、机器、设备及其他物品。
笔者意见：
何谓之“公益法人”？应该作出解释。因为，每一个人对此可能都会不同的理解。
对外经济开放地区环境管理暂行规定(附英文)
国家环保局
对外经济开放地区环境管理暂行规定(附英文)
1986年3月15日，国家环境保护局
第一条 为了加强对外经济开放地区的环境管理，防治环境污染和生态破坏，保障人体健康，保护和创造良好的投资环境，促进经济和社会发展，特制定本规定。
第二条 本规定所称对外经济开放地区，是指国家批准的经济特区、沿海开放城市和沿海经济开放区。在对外经济开放地区从事生产、经营活动的一切单位和个人，必须遵守本规定。
第三条 对外经济开放地区的各级人民政府，必须坚持“预防为主、防治结合”的方针，加强环境综合整治工作。应当把环境保护纳入本地区的经济和社会发展规划，明确环境保护的目标、任务和措施，并组织实施。
第四条 对外经济开放地区进行新区建设必须作出环境影响评价，全面规划，合理布局。各有关部门必须严格按照规划和布局的要求进行建设。对外经济开放地区现有的不合理布局，应当结合城市改造、工业调整逐步加以解决。在生活居住区、水源保护区、疗养区、自然保护区，风景游览区、名胜古迹和其他需要特殊保护的地区，不得建设污染环境的项目；已建成的，要限期治理、调整或搬迁。
第五条 管辖对外经济开放地区的省、自治区、直辖市人民政府，对国家环境质量标准中未规定的项目，可以制定地方补充标准；对执行国家污染物排放标准不能保证达到本地区环境质量要求的，可以制定严于国家污染物排放标准的地方污染物排放标准，报国家环境保护部门备案。按照前款规定制定的地方污染物排放标准，所在地的企业、事业单位必须执行。
第六条 对外经济开放地区从国外引进技术和设备，必须符合无污染或少污染的要求，对产生污染，国内又不能配套解决的，应当同时引进相应的环境保护设施。一切新建、改建和扩建项目，必须做到防治环境污染的配套设施与主体工程同时投入使用。
第七条 对外经济开放地区的一切单位和个人，在签订经济合同时，应当明确当事人各方在环境保护方面的义务和责任，落实防治环境污染的措施。合同中不得有违反国国家和地方环境保护法律、法规的内容。
第八条 在对外经济开放地区进行开发建设的单位，必须按照国家规定报送环境影响报告书（表）和建设项目初步设计环境保护篇章；竣工后，必须报送环境保护设施竣工验收报告。环境保护部门应当在接到环境影响报告书（表）的四十五日内，初步设计环境保护篇章、环境保护设施竣工验收报告的三十日内予以批复；逾期不批复的，上报方案自行生效。
第九条 对外经济开放地区的企业事业单位排放污染物，必须到所在地人民政府环境保护部门提出排污申请，如实填报拥有的污染物排放设施、处理设施和在正常作业条件下排放污染物的种类、方式、数量和浓度，经审核批准并取得排污登记证件后，方能生产或营业。排污情况发生变化的，应当及时向所在地人民政府环境保护部门申报。超过国家或地方污染物排放标准的，按照国家规定缴纳超标准排污费；向水体排放污染物的，按照国家规定缴纳排污费。
第十条 对外经济开放地区各级人民政府的环境保护部门，负责组织、协调、监督、检查本地区的环境保护工作。被监督检查单位必须如实提供有关情况和资料。环境保护部门对被监督检查单位提供的情况和资料有保密的义务和责任。
第十一条 凡违反本规定，造成污染损害的单位，对外经济开放地区各级人民政府的环境保护部门或国家规定的其他主管部门，可以责令其限期治理，支付消除污染费用，赔偿损失；并可以给予警告或罚款。当事人不服的，可以在收到决定书之日起十五日内，向人民法院起诉；期满不起诉又不履行的，由环境保护部门或其他主管部门提请人民法院强制执行。
第十二条 对外经济开放地区所在的省、自治区、直辖市人民政府可以根据本规定制定实施办法。
第十三条 本规定自发布之日起施行。
INTERIM PROVISIONS FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT INTHE ECONOMIC ZONES OPEN TO THE OUTSIDE WORLD
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM PROVISIONS FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN
THE ECONOMIC ZONES OPEN TO THE OUTSIDE WORLD
(Approved by the State Council on March 4, 1986 and promulgated by
the State Administration for Environmental Protection on March 15, 1986)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated for the purpose of strengthening the
administration of the environment in the economic zones open to the
outside world, preventing and remedying environmental pollution and the
disruption of ecological balance, safeguarding human health and protecting
and creating good investment environment so as to promote economic and
social development.
Article 2
The term "economic zones open to the outside world" as used in these
Provisions refers to the special economic zones, the open coastal cities
and the coastal economic development areas approved by the State.
All units and individuals that are engaged in production and business
activities in the economic zones open to the outside world shall abide by
these Provisions.
Article 3
People's governments at various levels in the economic zones open to the
outside world shall adhere to the principles of "having prevention as the
main concern and combining prevention with remedying" and strengthen the
work for the comprehensive improvement of the environment. They shall
incorporate environmental protection into the economic and social
development plans of their own localities and specify the targets, tasks
and measures with respect to environmental protection and organize the
implementation thereof.
Article 4
It shall be imperative to evaluate the impact on the environment, carry
out overall planning and ensure rational distribution, if construction of
new areas is to be undertaken in the economic zones open to the outside
world. All departments concerned shall carry out the construction in
strict accordance with the requirements in respect of planning and
distribution.
The existing irrational distribution of the economic zones open to the
outside world shall be rectified gradually in conjunction with urban
reform and industrial readjustment. In residential areas, water-resource
reserves, health resorts, nature reserves, tourist resorts, scenic spots
and places of historic interest, and other areas which need special
protection, no projects that may cause environmental pollution may be
constructed and a deadline shall be set for any such projects that have
been completed to be improved, readjusted, or removed.
Article 5
With respect to projects that are not covered by the State provisions
concerning the standards of environmental quality, the people's
governments of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
directly under the Central Government having jurisdiction over the
economic zones open to the outside world may formulate their own local
supplementary standards. If the implementation of the State standards
concerning the discharge of pollutants fails to satisfy the requirements
for environmental quality of their own localities, they may formulate
their own local standards concerning the discharge of pollutants which are
stricter than the State standards concerning the discharge of pollutants
and submit them to the State departments for environmental protection for
the record.
The local standards concerning the discharge of pollutants formulated in
accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall be
implemented by the enterprises and institutions in the localities.
Article 6
Technology and equipment introduced from abroad into the economic zones
open to the outside world shall conform to the requirement that they shall
cause no pollution or little pollution. If the technology or equipment to
be introduced from abroad will cause pollution and no means is yet
available at home to tackle it, the corresponding environmental protection
facilities shall be introduced simultaneously. With respect to all newly-
constructed projects, alteration projects or expansion projects, it shall
be imperative to ensure that both the supporting facilities for preventing
and remedying environmental pollution and the principal part of the
project are put into operation simultaneously.
Article 7
When entering into an economic contract, all units and individuals in the
economic zones open to the outside world shall specify the obligations and
responsibilities of each of the parties thereto in respect of
environmental protection and ensure that measures for preventing and
remedying environmental pollution are duly stipulated. The contract may
not contain anything that runs counter to the laws and regulations of the
State or of the locality for environmental protection.
Article 8
Units that intend to engage in developmental construction in the economic
zones open to the outside world shall, in accordance with the pertinent
provisions of the State, submit an environmental impact report/form(s) and
a text on environmental protection in the preliminary design of a
construction project and shall, upon completion of the project, submit a
report on inspecting and accepting the completed environmental protection
facilities.
The department for environmental protection shall, within 45 days of
receipt of the environmental impact report/form(s) or within 30 days of
receipt of the text on environmental protection in the preliminary design
of a construction project and the report on inspecting and accepting the
completed environmental protection facilities, give an official written
reply to the unit that has submitted the above-mentioned documents. If no
such reply is given within the prescribed period of time, the documents
submitted shall automatically become effective.
Article 9
Enterprises and institutions in the economic zones open to the outside
world that have to discharge pollutants shall apply to the departments for
environmental protection under the local people's governments for
permission to discharge pollutants and fill in forms to report truthfully
on the pollutant discharging and treating facilities that they possess and
the kind(s) of pollutants to be discharged, the mode(s) of discharging,
and the quantity and density of the pollutants under normal operational
conditions. Their production or business operations shall begin only
after the application has been verified and approved and the document for
the registration of pollutant discharge has been obtained. If changes have
taken place in the discharge of pollutants, these shall be reported in
good time to the departments for environmental protection under the local
people's governments.
Those that discharge pollutants in excess of the State or local standards
shall pay an excess pollutant discharge fee in accordance with the
pertinent provisions of the State; those that discharge pollutants into
water shall pay a pollutant discharge fee in accordance with the pertinent
provisions of the State.
Article 10
The departments for environmental protection under the people's
governments at various levels in the economic zones open to the outside
world shall be responsible for organizing, co-ordinating, supervising and
inspecting the work of environmental protection in their own localities.
The units that are subjected to supervision and inspection shall provide
the actual relevant information and data.
The departments for environmental protection shall undertake the
obligation and responsibility to maintain the confidentiality of the
information and data provided by the units that are subjected to
supervision and inspection.
Article 11
The departments for environmental protection under the people's
governments at various levels in the economic zones open to the outside
world or other competent departments may order those units that have
violated these Provisions and caused pollution damage to remedy the
situation within a prescribed period of time, pay the expenses for
eliminating the pollution and compensate for the losses thus incurred and
may also give them a warning or impose a fine on them.
Any party concerned that does not accept the penalties may file a suit
with a people's court within 15 days of receipt of the written decision
concerning the penalties. If no suit is filed and yet the decision is not
carried out within the prescribed period of time, the departments for
environmental protection or other competent departments may apply to the
people's court for the compulsory enforcement of the decision.
Article 12
The people's governments of the provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities where the economic zones open to the outside world are
located may formulate measures for the implementation of these Provisions
in accordance therewith.
Article 13
These Provisions shall go into effect on the date of promulgation.
